Carbon credits, which we tipped back in July, have fallen in value from €23 a tonne at the start of the summer to €18 a tonne now. The slowing economy means lower demand for oil and other carbon-emitting fuels. And as Kjertsti Ulset of research group Point Carbon tells Business Green, “any potential recession would mean lower emissions from industry, which would result in lower demand for carbon credits”.
But will the price of credits keep falling from here? It seems unlikely. That’s because the price of carbon credits depends only partly on how long and nasty the recession is. What’s more important is what happens with the third stage of the European Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS), which runs from 2012-2020. The idea behind carbon credits is that each government in the EU gets an annual emissions allocation. It then splits this between polluting companies in the form of carbon credits – known as European Union carbon allowances (EUAs). If a company’s emissions are below its allowance, they can sell their spare credits to those who have breached their own allowance. Since the scheme began in 2005, trading has grown rapidly. Total EU ETS trading in the first half of 2008 was valued at about €30bn, equal to 750 million tonnes of CO2. That’s an 80% rise year on year, according to ETF Securities, making the EU scheme by far the biggest in the world.
During the current phase (2008-2012), the EU has set a target of cutting emissions by just 10%. But during the third phase, it’s already agreed to cut by 20%, and a 30% cut could be in the pipeline if there’s international agreement, says Trevor Sikorsky of Barclays Capital. If that happens, governments will set companies tighter targets, pushing the price of credits up. Barclays expects the price of EU credits to rise to €26 by the end of 2008 and €34 by 2010-2012. Beyond that, analysts at Point Carbon think there will be a rise from e30 to e75 by 2020, as more firms, including airlines, are included in the scheme.
As we’ve said before, this is a risky investment – the carbon market is artificial and depends on governments to stand behind the idea and ensure the supply of credits is tight enough to encourage emissions cuts. But governments show no sign of abandoning the scheme, or their desires to be seen to be ‘green’. And while the recession may help to reduce emissions for a short time, our continued reliance on fossil fuels means this can’t last. ETF Securities has just launched an exchange-traded commodity (ETC), ETFS Carbon (LSE:CARB), to track the carbon price. Each share is equivalent to one emissions allowance and is backed by oil major Royal Dutch Shell (in other words, Shell would have to go bust for the ETC to stop paying out).